The Path to Zero Nuclear Tests

“Nuclear tests have caused enormous environmental damage and terrible consequences on the health of people living in affected areas. It's time to outlaw all nuclear tests, by anyone, anywhere. There is no excuse to delay achieving this goal.”- António Guterres- Secretary-General of the United Nations. Since nuclear weapons testing began on 16 July 1945, over 2,000 have taken place. In the early days of nuclear testing not much consideration was given to its devastating effects on human life, more so the dangers of nuclear fallout from atmospheric tests. We have all seen the movies and read about the horrors of nuclear weapons. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki took place on August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively. The United States of America bombed Japan towards the end of the Second World War, prompting the Japanese to surrender on August 15, 1945, bringing the conflict to an end. The first atomic bomb known as "Little Boy"was dropped on Hiroshima by a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay, after the mother of its pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. Three days later, a plutonium bomb known as "Fat Man" was loaded on a B-29 bomber called Bockscar, which was flown by Major Charles Sweeney. The initial target was the city of Kokura, but because of thick clouds, the bomb was dropped on the secondary target of Nagasaki. While we are not completely sure how many Japanese died in both bombings, it is estimated that around 140,000 of Hiroshima's population of 350,000 were killed in the bombing, and it is estimated that around 74,000 people died in Nagasaki. In Hiroshima, on August 6, around 80,000 people were killed immediately when the bomb was dropped. In Nagasaki, on August 9, around 40,000 people were killed instantly. Tens of thousands of others died in the aftermath, of radiation poisoning and their injuries. Regardless of the exact numbers, we are certain that thousands, tens of thousands of Japanese were killed as a result of the bombings. According to the United Nations (UN), on 2 December 2009, the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly declared 29 August the International Day against Nuclear Tests by unanimously adopting resolution 64/35. The resolution calls for increasing awareness and education “about the effects of nuclear weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions and the need for their cessation as one of the means of achieving the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world.” The Role of civil society From the beginning of the nuclear age, civil society has played an important role in the effort to permanently halt testing of nuclear weapons. Physicists, seismologists, and other scientists; physicians and lawyers; women’s organizations; research institutes and non-governmental organizations (NGO’s); mayors and parliamentarians have all played their role in moving us towards a nuclear-weapon free world. We do not need to be a member of the scientific community to know about the dangers and long term effects of nuclear weapons. It is widely documented that many who survived the atomic attack on the Japanese cities later developed cancers and developmental issues from the poisonous radiation. Have you done an X-ray? If yes, you are aware that the radiologist goes in a separate room after he/she prepares the patient. Clearly this speaks to the dangers associated with radiation. The Cold War and the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States caused both countries to increase the number of their nuclear weapons. At their peak, the Soviet Union had a total of 33,000 operational warheads and the United States had 32,000. After the Soviet Union disintegrated, thousands of nuclear weapons on both sides were dismantled. Because of the broad lethality and destruction of these weapons, governments have negotiated arms control agreements such as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1996. The NPT’s purpose is to inhibit the spread of nuclear weapons. There are two types of states-parties: nuclear-weapon states (NWS) and non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS). The NWS are the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. Under the treaty, NWS are not allowed to assist NNWS in developing nuclear weapons, and NWS have the inalienable right to research, develop, and use nuclear energy for non-weapon purposes. Today, Russia has the highest number of nuclear weapons estimated at 6,490 warheads. 4,490 of these are active and 2,000 are retired. The United States follows closely behind with 6,185 total nuclear weapons, 3,800 of these are active and 2,385 are retired. Among the other countries with nuclear weapons are China, France, the United Kingdom, India, and North Korea. Israel has never confirmed whether it possesses nuclear weapons, however, it is a popular view that Israel has nukes. Interestingly, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council:China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States of America are all nuclear-weapon states (NWS). The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for international peace and security. Many countries seek nuclear weapons as leverage in possible wars and regional conflicts. North Korea for example sought and obtained nuclear weapons in the belief that the society will be safe from attacks from Western Powers and South Korea. The U.N. atomic watchdog has said in an annual report that North Korea appears to have restarted a nuclear reactor that is widely believed to have produced plutonium for nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency has had no access to North Korea since Pyongyang expelled its inspectors in 2009. The country then pressed ahead with its nuclear weapons programme and soon resumed nuclear testing. North Korea last nuclear test was in 2017. In the volatile Middle East Iran is actively pursuing nuclear weapons. As a result Saudi Arabia has openly declared that once Iran obtains nukes they too will pursue the same path. Can you imagine a world where terrorist groups will have access to nuclear weapons? There are those who will argue that once you have nuclear weapons then the need will be for testing of such weapons; however, we must begin somewhere regarding the end game which is disarmament of nuclear weapons. On this International Day against Nuclear Tests let us use our platforms to advocate for a ban on all nuclear tests. In the words of Ban Ki-moon, we have a legal and moral obligation to rid our world of nuclear tests and nuclear weapons. Wayne Campbell is an educator and social commentator with an interest in development policies as they affect culture and or gender issues. waykam@yahoo.com @WayneCamo #nuclearfreeworld #nucleartests #nuclearweapons #InternationalDayAgainstNuclearTests ©